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Description
A few canon and a few headcanon speculations as to how the hemospectrum works.
This is mostly headcanon though, and will probably be easy to tell apart from canon; if you have any questions about anything here, ask politly and I'll answer to the best of my ability.

There are fourteen blood colors. Red, umber (also called brown or orange), yellow, lime, olive, green, jade, teal, cerulean, blue, indigo, violet, fushia, and tyrian.
Three variations of the color fall into each section and there are a few shades within in each distinct variation (I show only three but any shade that is not mutant is acceptable).

How do the colors and shades work?
Well, I don't know the canon answer but I have formed a highly detailed headcanon as to how it goes.
The lower a color the 'warmer' it is therefore we can assume it had more heat during laying/hatching, and the reverse is true for the higher, 'colder' colors.
Shades are just variations of the temperature needed to maintain a specific color.
Say, for example only, 100-109 would give you a red blood but 100-103 would give you the brighter red color while 107-109 would give you the darker red color. And 100 would give you the darker shade of the darker red while 103 would give you the brighter shade of the darker red.

I admit it sounds complicated but it's really not once you do get it.
(P.S. Keep in mind that trolls are only judged by 'color'. A brighter variation/shade of cerulean would not receive more privileges than a darker variation/shade of cerulean.)

Mutations occur when a troll grub hatches with a color shade much higher than should exist.
Say, following my previous example, a troll hatched at 95 should have an umber blood but for some reason the pigment didn't change from red to umber while the troll was forming and was instead born with far too dark red blood (just reverse this process, meaning a troll born at 115 should be either dead or plain red but instead has candy red blood like Karkat).

Mutations aren't neccessarily a bad thing, but after the uprising of the Sufferer (or the Signless) all trolls with a mutant blood color, especially candy red, were ordered to be killed before they were chosen by a lusus.
We know in canon that Karkat escaped this fate not only due to the ectobiology of Sgrub but because the followers of the Sufferer insured that there would be a lusus to care for his descendent.
However, assuming a troll could get past this phase, get a lusus that would recognize them, and live to be an adult, after that they'd perish.
All adult trolls are ordered off the planet to fight in the Condesce's army, and most likely a blood check of sorts is performed to see where best a troll would fit in. A troll with mutant blood would be spotted immediately.

(P.S. No troll exists in canon with white, gray, or black blood. White, gray, and black are shades lacking color, which is the true reverse of what troll blood is, color with shades. If you want to make a fantroll with white, gray, or black blood please feel free, I won't judge you, but others might and others can be rude.)

Description
A few canon and a few headcanon speculations as to how the hemospectrum works.
This is mostly headcanon though, and will probably be easy to tell apart from canon; if you have any questions about anything here, ask politly and I'll answer to the best of my ability.

There are fourteen blood colors. Red, umber (also called brown or orange), yellow, lime, olive, green, jade, teal, cerulean, blue, indigo, violet, fushia, and tyrian.
Three variations of the color fall into each section and there are a few shades within in each distinct variation (I show only three but any shade that is not mutant is acceptable).

How do the colors and shades work?
Well, I don't know the canon answer but I have formed a highly detailed headcanon as to how it goes.
The lower a color the 'warmer' it is therefore we can assume it had more heat during laying/hatching, and the reverse is true for the higher, 'colder' colors.
Shades are just variations of the temperature needed to maintain a specific color.
Say, for example only, 100-109 would give you a red blood but 100-103 would give you the brighter red color while 107-109 would give you the darker red color. And 100 would give you the darker shade of the darker red while 103 would give you the brighter shade of the darker red.

I admit it sounds complicated but it's really not once you do get it.
(P.S. Keep in mind that trolls are only judged by 'color'. A brighter variation/shade of cerulean would not receive more privileges than a darker variation/shade of cerulean.)

Mutations occur when a troll grub hatches with a color shade much higher than should exist.
Say, following my previous example, a troll hatched at 95 should have an umber blood but for some reason the pigment didn't change from red to umber while the troll was forming and was instead born with far too dark red blood (just reverse this process, meaning a troll born at 115 should be either dead or plain red but instead has candy red blood like Karkat).

Mutations aren't neccessarily a bad thing, but after the uprising of the Sufferer (or the Signless) all trolls with a mutant blood color, especially candy red, were ordered to be killed before they were chosen by a lusus.
We know in canon that Karkat escaped this fate not only due to the ectobiology of Sgrub but because the followers of the Sufferer insured that there would be a lusus to care for his descendent.
However, assuming a troll could get past this phase, get a lusus that would recognize them, and live to be an adult, after that they'd perish.
All adult trolls are ordered off the planet to fight in the Condesce's army, and most likely a blood check of sorts is performed to see where best a troll would fit in. A troll with mutant blood would be spotted immediately.

(P.S. No troll exists in canon with white, gray, or black blood. White, gray, and black are shades lacking color, which is the true reverse of what troll blood is, color with shades. If you want to make a fantroll with white, gray, or black blood please feel free, I won't judge you, but others might and others can be rude.)